Depending on where a verb appears in a sentence, it may take mutation. When this happens, the first letter may change. This should be kept in mind when you are looking up a verb you have found in a text, as the word it may need to be reverted to its original dictionary form.
Unmutated (First State, Radical)
The dictionary form of the word.
Examples of the Dictionary Form (Unmutated):
blasa, bos, chanjya, dybri, gortos,
gwertha, kara, mires, prena, tybi
Soft Mutation (Second State, Lenition)
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b > v ch > j d > dh k > g go/gu > wo/wu |
m > v p > b t > d |
| ga/ge/gi/gl/gr/gw/gy > the g is dropped | |
Examples of the Soft Mutation:
a vlas, a vyw, a janjya, a dheber, a worta,
a werth, a gar, a vir, a bren, a dyb
Breathed Mutation (Third State, Aspirate, Spirant)
k > h
kl/kr no change
p > f
t > th
Examples of the Breathed Mutation:
aga hara, aga frena, aga thylli
But: aga klewes, aga kromma
Hard Mutation (Fourth State, Provection)
b > p
d > t
g > k
Examples of the Hard Mutation:
ow plasa, ow pos, ow tybri, ow kortos, ow kwertha
Mixed Mutation (Fifth State, Lenition and Provection)
b > f
d > t
m > f
ga/ge/gi/gw/gy > ha/he/hi/hw/hy
go/gu > hwo/hwu
gro/gru > hwro/hwru
gla/gle/gli no change
gra/gre/gri no change
Examples of the Mixed Mutation:
y flas, y fydh, y teber, y fynn,
y hyll, y hwerth, y hworta, y hwra, y glanha
Mixed Mutation after 'th (Fifth State after 'th)
b > v
d > t
m > v
ga/ge/gi/gy > ha/he/hi/hy
go/gu > wo/wu
gro/gru > wro/wru
gw > w
gla/gle/gli no change
gra/gre/gri no change
Examples of the Mixed Mutation:
a'th vlas, a'th teber, a'th vynn,
a'th helow, a'th werth, a'th worta, a'th wra, a'th glanha
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• Agreement • Participles • Tenses • Mood • Derivatives |
• Spelling • Regular Verb Paradigm • Alternate Forms of Verbs • Abbreviations and Variations • List of Mutations |